What makes up osteoblasts

Diabetes 56 , — Mosialou, I. MC4R-dependent suppression of appetite by bone-derived lipocalin 2. This study describes the existence of a second hormone produced by osteoblasts. Jun, L. A minor role for lipocalin 2 in high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance. Ye, D. Lipocalin-2 mediates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by promoting neutrophil-macrophage crosstalk via the induction of CXCR2.

Zhang, Y. Lipocalin 2 regulates brown fat activation via a nonadrenergic activation mechanism. Guo, H. Evidence for the regulatory role of lipocalin 2 in high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue remodeling in male mice.

Law, I. Lipocalin-2 deficiency attenuates insulin resistance associated with aging and obesity. Diabetes 59 , — Lipocalin-2 deficiency impairs thermogenesis and potentiates diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. Regulation of energy metabolism by bone-derived hormones.

Cold Spring Harb. Wang, Y. Lipocalin-2 is an inflammatory marker closely associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia in humans. Singh, R. Role of human lipocalin proteins in abdominal obesity after acute pancreatitis. Peptides 91 , 1—7 Na, G. The relationship between circulating neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and early alteration of metabolic parameters is associated with dietary saturated fat intake in non-diabetic Korean women.

Auguet, T. Upregulation of lipocalin 2 in adipose tissues of severely obese women: positive relationship with proinflammatory cytokines. Catalan, V. Increased adipose tissue expression of lipocalin-2 in obesity is related to inflammation and matrix metalloproteinase-2 and metalloproteinase-9 activities in humans.

Liver lipocalin 2 expression in severely obese women with non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes , — Paton, C. Lipocalin-2 increases fat oxidation in vitro and is correlated with energy expenditure in normal weight but not obese women.

Obesity 21 , E—E Moester, M. Sclerostin: current knowledge and future perspectives. Tissue Int. Brunkow, M. Bone dysplasia sclerosteosis results from loss of the SOST gene product, a novel cystine knot-containing protein. SOST expression is restricted to the great arteries during embryonic and neonatal cardiovascular development.

Balemans, W. Increased bone density in sclerosteosis is due to the deficiency of a novel secreted protein SOST. Identification of a 52kb deletion downstream of the SOST gene in patients with van buchem disease. Staehling-Hampton, K. Beighton, P. The syndromic status of sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease. Holdsworth, G. Characterization of the interaction of sclerostin with the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein LRP family of Wnt co-receptors.

Bourhis, E. Structure 19 , — Gong, Y. Wnt isoform-specific interactions with coreceptor specify inhibition or potentiation of signaling by LRP6 antibodies. Day, T. Cell 8 , — Holmen, S. Li, X. Targeted deletion of the sclerostin gene in mice results in increased bone formation and bone strength. Yee, C. Conditional deletion of sost in MSC-derived lineages identifies specific cell-type contributions to bone mass and B-cell development. Clarke, B.

Clinical utility of serum sclerostin measurements. Bonekey Rep 2 , Arasu, A. Serum sclerostin and risk of hip fracture in older Caucasian women. Ardawi, M.

High serum sclerostin predicts the occurrence of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women: the center of excellence for osteoporosis research study. Garcia-Martin, A. Circulating levels of sclerostin are increased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Gaudio, A. Gennari, L. Circulating sclerostin levels and bone turnover in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Distinct effects of pioglitazone and metformin on circulating sclerostin and biochemical markers of bone turnover in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Heilmeier, U. Volumetric femoral BMD, bone geometry, and serum sclerostin levels differ between type 2 diabetic postmenopausal women with and without fragility fractures.

Yamamoto, M. Elevated sclerostin levels are associated with vertebral fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Urano, T. Association of circulating sclerostin levels with fat mass and metabolic disease—related markers in Japanese postmenopausal women.

Sheng, Z. Serum sclerostin levels were positively correlated with fat mass and bone mineral density in central south Chinese postmenopausal women. Amrein, K. Sclerostin and its association with physical activity, age, gender, body composition, and bone mineral content in healthy adults. Has sclerostin a true endocrine metabolic action complementary to osteocalcin in older men?

Daniele, G. Sclerostin and insulin resistance in prediabetes: evidence of a cross talk between bone and glucose metabolism. Diabetes Care 38 , — Kim, S. Sclerostin influences body composition by regulating catabolic and anabolic metabolism in adipocytes. USA , E—E This work suggests that sclerostin acts outside the skeleton to influence adipose tissue physiology. Fairfield, H. The skeletal cell-derived molecule sclerostin drives bone marrow adipogenesis. Cosman, F.

Romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. McClung, M. Romosozumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. Jacobsen, C. Application of anti-sclerostin therapy in non-osteoporosis disease models. Bone 96 , 18—23 Gillespie, J. Frey, J. Wnt—Lrp5 signaling regulates fatty acid metabolism in the osteoblast. Dirckx, N. Vhl deletion in osteoblasts boosts cellular glycolysis and improves global glucose metabolism.

Esen, E. Felix, R. Aerobic glycolysis in bone: lactic acid production by rat calvaria cells in culture. Nichols, F. Lactic acid production in mouse calvaria in vitro with and without parathyroid hormone stimulation: lack of acetazolamide effects. Bone 8 , — Kenny, A. Citric acid production by resorbing bone in tissue culture.

Taylor, T. The nature of bone citrate. Acta 39 , — Sobel, A. Studies of the incorporation of citrate in calcification in vitro. Dixon, T. Citric acid and bone metabolism. The mechanism of parathyroid function. Lancet 78 , — Costello, L.

Open Bone J. Glucose uptake and Runx2 synergize to orchestrate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. This study indicates that GLUT1 expression is essential for osteoblast development. Zoch, M. In vivo radiometric analysis of glucose uptake and distribution in mouse bone.

Bone Res. Augustin, R. Thomas, D. Dexamethasone modulates insulin receptor expression and subcellular distribution of the glucose transporter GLUT 1 in UMR , a clonal osteogenic sarcoma cell line.

Zoidis, E. Stimulation of glucose transport in osteoblastic cells by parathyroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor I. Triiodothyronine stimulates glucose transport in bone cells. Endocrine 41 , — Li, Z. Glucose transporter-4 facilitates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in osteoblasts. Simpson, I. The facilitative glucose transporter GLUT3: 20 years of distinction.

Shepherd, P. Distribution of GLUT3 glucose transporter protein in human tissues. Jahn, K. Osteocytes acidify their microenvironment in response to PTHrP in vitro and in lactating mice in vivo.

Chen, C. Coordinated changes of mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzymes during osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 26 , — Shum, L. Energy metabolism in mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation. Stem Cells Dev. Regard, J. Wnt signaling in bone development and disease: making stronger bone with Wnts.

Yadav, V. Lrp5 controls bone formation by inhibiting serotonin synthesis in the duodenum. This work is the first to demonstrate control of osteoblast metabolism by WNT signalling. Vander Heiden, M. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation.

Science , — Karner, C. Wnt protein signaling reduces nuclear Acetyl-CoA levels to suppress gene expression during osteoblast differentiation.

Rodan, G. Parathyroid hormone stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity and lactic acid accumulation in calvaria of osteopetrotic ia rats. Bikle, D. Insulin-like growth factor I is required for the anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on mouse bone. McCarthy, T. Parathyroid hormone enhances the transcript and polypeptide levels of insulin-like growth factor I in osteoblast-enriched cultures from fetal rat bone.

Kopan, R. The canonical Notch signaling pathway: unfolding the activation mechanism. Yorgan, T. Osteoblast-specific Notch2 inactivation causes increased trabecular bone mass at specific sites of the appendicular skeleton.

Bone 87 , — Zanotti, S. Sustained Notch2 signaling in osteoblasts, but not in osteoclasts, is linked to osteopenia in a mouse model of Hajdu-Cheney syndrome. Lee, S. Notch signaling suppresses glucose metabolism in mesenchymal progenitors to restrict osteoblast differentiation.

Parathyroid hormone inhibits Notch signaling in osteoblasts and osteocytes. Bone , — Semenza, G. Hypoxia-inducible factors in physiology and medicine. Regan, J. Hu, C. Wu, C. Oxygen-sensing PHDs regulate bone homeostasis through the modulation of osteoprotegerin.

Genes Dev. Suchacki, K. Bone marrow adipose tissue: formation, function and regulation. Adamek, G. Fatty acid oxidation in bone tissue and bone cells in culture. Niemeier, A. Uptake of postprandial lipoproteins into bone in vivo: impact on osteoblast function. Bone 43 , — This study compares lipid uptake by the skeleton with that of other tissues. Fatty acid oxidation by the osteoblast is required for normal bone acquisition in a sex- and diet-dependent manner.

JCI Insight 2 , This study highlights the importance of fatty acid oxidation for skeletal homeostasis. Lau, B. Investigating the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in bone development using animal models. Molecules 18 , — Hooshmand, S. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation improves bone mineral density by suppressing bone turnover in aged ovariectomized rats. Phytomedicine 15 , — Rendina-Ruedy, E.

Intracellular lipid droplets support osteoblast function. Adipocyte 6 , — Catherwood, B. Growth of rat osteoblast-like cells in a lipid-enriched culture medium and regulation of function by parathyroid hormone and 1,dihydroxyvitamin D. Campbell, S. Effect of ovarian hormones on mitochondrial enzyme activity in the fat oxidation pathway of skeletal muscle.

Hatta, H. The effects of ovarian hormones on glucose and fatty acid oxidation during exercise in female ovariectomized rats. Herrero, P. Impact of hormone replacement on myocardial fatty acid metabolism: potential role of estrogen. Schilling, A. Increased bone formation in mice lacking apolipoprotein E. Kevorkova, O. Low-bone-mass phenotype of deficient mice for the cluster of differentiation 36 CD Riddle, R.

Lrp5 and Lrp6 exert overlapping functions in osteoblasts during postnatal bone acquisition. Larsson, S. Parathyroid hormone induces adipocyte lipolysis via PKA-mediated phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase. Cell Signal. Fan, Y. Parathyroid hormone directs bone marrow mesenchymal cell fate. Maridas, D. Progenitor recruitment and adipogenic lipolysis contribute to the anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on the skeleton.

Conigrave, A. Dietary protein and bone health: roles of amino acid-sensing receptors in the control of calcium metabolism and bone homeostasis. Fischer, A. Amino-acid metabolism of tissue cells in vitro. Nature , Finerman, G. Amino acid transport in bone. Evidence for separate transport systems for neutral amino and imino acids. Adamson, L. Further studies of amino acid transport by embryonic chick bone.

Differential expression and functional characterization of system L amino acid transporters in human normal osteoblast cells and osteogenic sarcoma cells. Anticancer Res. This tutorial includes lectures on the external form of a woody twig.. Plants are responsible for incredible feats of molecular transformation. Plant processes, such as photosynthesis, photop..

The cell is defined as the fundamental, functional unit of life. Some organisms are comprised of only one cell whereas o.. This tutorial looks at the relationship between organisms. It also explores how energy is passed on in the food chain an.. The sequence of amino acids determines the type of protein. Protein is synthesized according to the sequence of nucleoti.. Learn about community patterns and the ecological factors influencing these patterns. Revisit some of the ecosystems you..

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Plant Metabolism Plants are responsible for incredible feats of molecular transformation. Cell Biology The cell is defined as the fundamental, functional unit of life. Protein Variety The sequence of amino acids determines the type of protein.